Monday, 30 December 2013
Pakistan
Quaid e Azam
Allama Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال), was a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature,[2] with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.
Liaquat Ali Khan
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan لیاقت علی خان; 1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951), often simply referred as Liaquat,
was one of the leading Founding Fathers of modern Pakistan, statesman,
lawyer, andpolitical theorist who became and served as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, in addition, was also the first Defence minister he
was the first Finance Minister of India, and minister of Commonwealth
and Kashmir Affairs and from 1947 until his assassination in 1951.
CH.Rehmat Ali
Sir syed Ahmad khan
Mother OF Nation
Ftima Jinaah is Mother of the nation
Fatima Jinnah : فاطمہ جناح; 30 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani public figure, dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman and one of the leading founders of Pakistan.
Hafeez Jalandhari
Abu Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri (Urdu: ابو الاثر حفیظ جالندھری) (born 14 January 1900 - died 21 December 1982) was a Pakistani Urdu-language poet who famously wrote the lyrics for the National Anthem of Pakistan.
From 1922 to 1929, Jullundhri remained the editor of a few monthly magazines namely, Nonehal, Hazar Dastaan, Teehzeeb-e-Niswan, and Makhzin. His first collection of poems Nagma-e-Zar was published in 1935. After the World War II, he worked as the director of the Song Publicity Department. During this same time he wrote songs that were much liked by the public.
Jullundhri actively participated in Pakistan Movement and used his writings to propagate for the cause of Pakistan. In early 1948, he joined the forces for the freedom of Kashmir and got wounded. Jullundhri wrote the Kashmiri Anthem, "Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir". He wrote many patriotic songs during Pakistan, India war in 1965.
Jullundhri served as Director General of morals in Pakistan Armed Forces, and very prominent position as adviser to the President, Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan and also Director of Writer's Guild.
Jullundhri's work of poetry, Shahnam-e-Islam, gave him incredible fame which, in the manner of Firdowsi's Shahnameh, is a record of the glorious history of Islam in verse. Jullundhri wrote the national anthem of Pakistan composed by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla also known as Ahmed G Chagla. He is unique in Urdu poetry for the enchanting melody of his voice and lilting rhythms of his songs and lyrics. His poetry generally deals with romantic, religious, patriotic and natural themes. He chooses his themes, images and tunes from the subcontinent and his language is a fine blend of Hindi and Urdu diction, reflecting the composite culture of South Asia.
Jullundhri died in Lahore, Pakistan, on 21 December 1982 at the age of 82 years. Buried in Model Town, Lahore, his remains were later shifted to a tomb built by the Government of Pakistan near the Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, the site of the Pakistan Resolution.
From 1922 to 1929, Jullundhri remained the editor of a few monthly magazines namely, Nonehal, Hazar Dastaan, Teehzeeb-e-Niswan, and Makhzin. His first collection of poems Nagma-e-Zar was published in 1935. After the World War II, he worked as the director of the Song Publicity Department. During this same time he wrote songs that were much liked by the public.
Jullundhri actively participated in Pakistan Movement and used his writings to propagate for the cause of Pakistan. In early 1948, he joined the forces for the freedom of Kashmir and got wounded. Jullundhri wrote the Kashmiri Anthem, "Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir". He wrote many patriotic songs during Pakistan, India war in 1965.
Jullundhri served as Director General of morals in Pakistan Armed Forces, and very prominent position as adviser to the President, Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan and also Director of Writer's Guild.
Jullundhri's work of poetry, Shahnam-e-Islam, gave him incredible fame which, in the manner of Firdowsi's Shahnameh, is a record of the glorious history of Islam in verse. Jullundhri wrote the national anthem of Pakistan composed by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla also known as Ahmed G Chagla. He is unique in Urdu poetry for the enchanting melody of his voice and lilting rhythms of his songs and lyrics. His poetry generally deals with romantic, religious, patriotic and natural themes. He chooses his themes, images and tunes from the subcontinent and his language is a fine blend of Hindi and Urdu diction, reflecting the composite culture of South Asia.
Jullundhri died in Lahore, Pakistan, on 21 December 1982 at the age of 82 years. Buried in Model Town, Lahore, his remains were later shifted to a tomb built by the Government of Pakistan near the Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, the site of the Pakistan Resolution.
Awards
For his literary and patriotic services to Pakistan, Jullundhri was awarded the Hilal-e-Imtiaz and Pride of Performance by the Government of Pakistan.Literary works
Jullundhri primarily wrote Urdu poetry, generally dealing with romantic, religious, patriotic and natural themes.Abdul Qadeer Khan
Abdul Qadeer Khan,born 1 April 1936), also known by some in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan "Benefactor of Pakistan"), more popularly known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project. He founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, being both its senior scientist and the director-general until his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital figure in other science projects. Apart from participating in Pakistan's atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, and its integrated applications in condensed and material physics.
Abdul Qadeer Khan was one of Pakistan's top scientists, and was involved in the country's various scientific programs until his dismissal. In January 2004, Khan was officially summoned for a debriefing on his suspicious activities in other countries after the United States provided evidence to the Pakistan Government, and confessed it a month later. Some have alleged that these activities were sanctioned by the authorities, though the Pakistan government sharply dismissed the claims. After years of nominal house arrest, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) on 6 February 2009 declared Abdul Qadeer Khan to be a free citizen of Pakistan, allowing him free movement inside the country. The verdict was rendered by Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam. In September 2009, expressing concerns over the Islamabad High Court's decision to end all security restrictions on Khan, the United States warned that Khan still remains a "serious proliferation risk".
He is the recipient of the following honors:
Abdul Qadeer Khan was one of Pakistan's top scientists, and was involved in the country's various scientific programs until his dismissal. In January 2004, Khan was officially summoned for a debriefing on his suspicious activities in other countries after the United States provided evidence to the Pakistan Government, and confessed it a month later. Some have alleged that these activities were sanctioned by the authorities, though the Pakistan government sharply dismissed the claims. After years of nominal house arrest, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) on 6 February 2009 declared Abdul Qadeer Khan to be a free citizen of Pakistan, allowing him free movement inside the country. The verdict was rendered by Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam. In September 2009, expressing concerns over the Islamabad High Court's decision to end all security restrictions on Khan, the United States warned that Khan still remains a "serious proliferation risk".
He is the recipient of the following honors:
Maqbool Hussain
A great person !!! He is awarded Sitah e Juraat. Well deserved
PAKISTAN Zindabad! PAKISTAN Army Paindabad
Capt Bilal Zafar-Shaheed
Capt Bilal
Zafar, a valiant son of AL-HAVI was born on 25th June1982 in Vill;
Kehror, Teh ; Kotli Sattian Dist; Rawalpindi. He belonged to a noble
family with Military background.
Lt. Sami Ul Haq (SHAHEED)
Sitara-e-Basalat
A Wish Granted
Lt. Sami Ul Haq was born on May26, 1976. He completed his education at Rawalpindi and achieved his childhood aim of serving in Pakistan Army, in May 1996 when he joined PMA Kakul for 97 Long Course. During his stay at the Academy, he excelled in all the departments of his training. He was appointment holder of Battalion Sergeant Major of 2nd Pak Battalion. He got his commission on October 11,1998, and joined his father’s Regiment 24 Baloch, deployed at Chamb sector.
A Wish Granted
Lt. Sami Ul Haq was born on May26, 1976. He completed his education at Rawalpindi and achieved his childhood aim of serving in Pakistan Army, in May 1996 when he joined PMA Kakul for 97 Long Course. During his stay at the Academy, he excelled in all the departments of his training. He was appointment holder of Battalion Sergeant Major of 2nd Pak Battalion. He got his commission on October 11,1998, and joined his father’s Regiment 24 Baloch, deployed at Chamb sector.
Captain Muhammad Iqbal Shaheed:
Captain Muhammad Iqbal was born in Pashtoon Garhi, District Nowshera, in
the Province of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa of Pakistan, on the 15th of
November, 1960. As a child, he was very brave and daring, had a clear heart
and never held a grudge against anyone. I have heard alot about him
from my family. My great-grandmother loved him the most of all of her
grandchildren. When I was a kid, he used to visit us in Peshawar. I
vaguely remember him. I heard that he wanted to become a doctor ever
since he was a kid, but then later during his college days, he changed
his mind and chose to join the armed forces.
Lieutenant Muhammad Asim Shaheed
Lieutenant Muhammad Asim Shaheed
Sindh Regiment
Operation Rah e Rast...Swat
Sindh Regiment
Operation Rah e Rast...Swat
Havaldar Naeem Asghar Shaheed
Havaldar Naeem Asghar Shaheed
Azad Kashmir Regiment
Operation Rah e Rast....Swat
Azad Kashmir Regiment
Operation Rah e Rast....Swat
Brig Tariq Mehmood
Brig Tariq Mehmood
Brig Tariq Mehmood. (TM)Brig. Tariq Mehmood aka Man of steel was born in 1938, got most of his education in Rawalpinidi.
Lieutenant Colonel Sahibzad Gul Shaheed,
Lieutenant Colonel Sahibzad Gul Shaheed,
{Sitara e Jurat}
6 Lancers,Armed Corps.
Khem Karan, 1965
{Sitara e Jurat}
6 Lancers,Armed Corps.
Khem Karan, 1965
Sarfraz Rafiqui Shaheed
Squadron Leader Sarfraz Rafiqui
Squadron
Leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui (18 July 1935 - 6 September 1965) was a
well-known fighter pilot in the Pakistan Air Force. He is recognised for
his services to our country during the Indo-Pak War of 1965, and is a
recipient of both the Hilal-e-Jurat
(Crescent of... Courage) and the Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage). He
was commissioned in the 13th GD(P) Course on 10 June, 1953 winning the
Best Pilot Trophy from Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur. He embraced
Shahadat in 1965 War
Captain Sajid Shaheed
Captain Sajid embraced shahadat in Kargil war,99.He did his Matric and Fsc from PAF College Chaklala,Rwp then he got selected for 92 PMA long course.He joined 30 sp Heavy Regt Arty after his passing out.At that time his unit was in multan .He volunteered for kargil operation and left Rwp on 21st feb,1999 for his destination. His colleagues still admire that he was 1 of the most courageous officer of Pak army.He was with Maj Wahab Shaheed,Capt.Karnel Sher khan Shaheed NH, Capt.Ammar shaheed etc.
He embraced shahadat on 8th April,99 when he was hit by a rocket. When his companions found his body they felt that he is sleeping peacefully. Salute to this brave son of our Motherland.
Squadron Leader Javed Afzal Ahmed
Squadron Leader Javed Afzal Ahmed Sitara-i-Juraat
On 4th December, 1971 while flying on an air defence mission, Squadron Leader Javed Afzal Ahmed intercepted a formation of four Hunters approaching Dhaka airfield. During the combat he shot down two Hunters and chased away the others, thus preventing them from attacking a...ny target. In the same mission, he engaged a formation of two SU-7 aircraft's which were attacking a Pakistan Army helicopter and chased them away. Throughout the war he fought valiantly. For his courage and excellent performance in the face of heavy odds, Squadron Leader Afzal has been awarded Sitara-i-Juraat.
On 4th December, 1971 while flying on an air defence mission, Squadron Leader Javed Afzal Ahmed intercepted a formation of four Hunters approaching Dhaka airfield. During the combat he shot down two Hunters and chased away the others, thus preventing them from attacking a...ny target. In the same mission, he engaged a formation of two SU-7 aircraft's which were attacking a Pakistan Army helicopter and chased them away. Throughout the war he fought valiantly. For his courage and excellent performance in the face of heavy odds, Squadron Leader Afzal has been awarded Sitara-i-Juraat.
Air Chief Marshal Muhammad Anwar Shamim
Air Chief Marshal Muhammad Anwar Shamim, NI(M),
SI(M), HI(M), SJ
(born 1 October 1931), was a 4 star rank air force officer who was the 10th Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force from July 1978 to March 1985. Air Chief Marshal Shamim was promoted to four star rank general and assumed the command of the Pakistan Air Force on 22 July ...1978. Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim, a war hero, is a one of the most decorated military officer in the Pakistan Armed Forces.
SI(M), HI(M), SJ
(born 1 October 1931), was a 4 star rank air force officer who was the 10th Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force from July 1978 to March 1985. Air Chief Marshal Shamim was promoted to four star rank general and assumed the command of the Pakistan Air Force on 22 July ...1978. Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim, a war hero, is a one of the most decorated military officer in the Pakistan Armed Forces.
Yasir Abbas Shaheed
Lieutenant Syed Yaser Abbas S.Bt, was an aeronautical engineer in the Pakistan Navy, and was the Officer on Duty at PNS Mehran on the day of Mehran Attack He was the first martyr of the PNS Mehran attack
on May 22, 2011. He was first to lead the Rapid Response Squad
consisting of Marines, in the fight against militants. During the
gun-battle with the terrorists, Lt Yaser Abbas S.Bt braved three bullets
on his chest prior to death. His other fellows including Lt. Athar,
Aqeel and Daniyaal, leading other Squads at PNS Mehran, Karachi.
Naid Abidi
Syeda Nain Fatima Abidi (23 May 1985), Karachi. is an international cricketer from Pakistan.Abidi
said "I am very proud to be a Pakistani and to play for my country.I am
a strong believer in luck and I find the harder I work the more I have
of it." Abidi is Vice Captain at Ztbl in May 2008 to Present.
Frist Pakistani Women Criketer who have don 100* in One day Criket
Frist Pakistani Women Criketer who have don 100* in One day Criket
Sunday, 29 December 2013
Saif Ali Janjua Shaheed
Naik Saif Ali Janjua Pakistan Army Azad Kashmir Regiment (Sher-e-Riasti Battalion) was a platoon commander during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He received the Hilal-e-Kashmir from the government of Azad Kashmir, which is equal toNishan-e-Haider, the highest military award given by Pakistan. He fought in the Kashmir sector during the 1948 War and embraced martyrdom after displaying extraordinary bravery and heroism during the siege of Budha Khanna.
Lalak Jaan Shaheed
Havaldar Lalak Jan Shaahed (Urdu: لالک جان; 1967 – 7 July 1999) was born in Yasin, in the Ghizer District, of the Northern Areas of Pakistan (now called Gilgit-Baltistan). After school he joined the Pakistan Army, and reached the rank of Havaldar
Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed
Karnal Sher Khan (1970–1999) (Urdu: کرنل شیر خان) was a Pakistan Army officer who is one of only eleven recipients of Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was a Captain in the 27 Sindh Regiment of the Pakistan.
Muhammad Mehfuz Shaheed
Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (born October 25, 1944)was a Pakistani soldier, who was awarded Nishan-i-Haider, the highest Military award of Pakistan. He was born in Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad) in Rawalpindi District on. Muhammad Mahfuz joined Pakistan Army on October 25, 1962 as an infantry soldier.
Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed
Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed was born on 18 June 1949. He joined army in 3 September 1966, the after he specialized in driving. In 1971, he served with Lancers in Pakistan and India War. Sawar Muhammad Shaheed father’s was a farmer. Sawar Muhammad Shaheed was got married in 1967. He was the father of one daughter and a son. Sawar Muhammad Shaheed was the royal and honest national hero.
Mj.Shabeer Sharif Shaheed
Major Shabbir Sharif Rana also known as Shabbir Sharif Shaheed ( born 28 April 1943) was a Pakistani Army officer. He is the only person ever who received both the Sitara-e-Jurat and Nishan-e-Haider for his bravery.
Friday, 27 December 2013
MJ.Akram Shaheed
Major Muhammad Akram 1938–1971), was a Pakistan Army officer who was posthumously awarded Pakistan military's highest decoration, the Nishan-e-Haider, for his actions during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Akram was sent on several missions in the India-Pakistan War, and was killed in 1971 at the Battle of Hilli.
Aziz Bhatti Shaheed
Major Raja Aziz Bhatti (1928 – 10 September 1965) was a Staff officer in the Pakistan Army who received Pakistan's highest award for valor. He was born in Hong Kong in 1928. He moved to Pakistan before it became independent in 1947, living in the village of Ladian, Kharian, Gujrat. There he enlisted with the newly formed Pakistani Army and was commissioned to the Punjab Regiment in 1950.
Muhammad Tufail Shaheed
ufail Mohammad 1914 – 7 August 1958) was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
2nd Reciepient of Nishan e Haider
2nd Reciepient of Nishan e Haider
Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed Nishan e Haider
Raja Muhammad Sarwar Khan (1910–27 July 1948) was a captain in the newly formed Pakistani Army.
1st receipient of Nishan e Haider.
1st receipient of Nishan e Haider.
Nishan e Haider
Nishan-e-Haider or Nishan-e-Hyder ئشان حیدر, translated as "Emblem of Haider, where Haider is the epithet of Hazrat Ali (R.A)and means Lion",
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
Abdul Qadeer Khan more widely known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani
nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer who served as the
Director-General of the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) from 1976
till 2001.
Saeed Anwar
Saeed Anwar born 6 September 1968, Karachi) is a former Pakistani opening batsman and occasional Slow left arm orthodox bowler who played international cricket between 1989 and 2003.
Shahid Khan Afridi
Shahid Afridi born Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi born on 1 March 1980) is a Pakistani cricketer. Between 1996 and 2012, Afridi played 27 Tests, 350 One Day Internationals, and 59 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) for the Pakistani national team. He made his ODI debut on 2 October 1996 against Kenya and his Test debut on 22 October 1998 against Australia.
Muhmmad Yousuf
Mohammad Yousuf ; formerly Yousuf Youhana; born 27 August 1974) is a Pakistani right-handed batsman. Prior to his conversion to Islam in 2005, Yousuf was one of only a few Christians to play for the Pakistan cricket team.
Younus Khan
Mohammad Younus Khan محمد یونس خان) (born 29 November 1977) is a Pakistani cricketer and former captain of the Pakistan national cricket team.
Imran Khan
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Popular Cities of Pakistan
This is a list of the most populous urban areas of Pakistan, each with at least 100,000 residents. Together these sixty eight urban areas areas are home to 42.8 million people or about one-fourth of Pakistan's total population.
Abdul Sattar Edhi
Dr. Abdul Sattar Edhi, or Maulana Edhi, is a prominent Pakistani philanthropist, social activist and humanitarian. He is the founder and head of the Edhi Foundation, a non-profit social welfare organization in Pakistan. Together with his wife, Bilquis Edhi, he received the 1986 Ramon Magsaysay Awardfor Public Service.
Arfa Karim
Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa 2 February 1995 – 14 January 2012) was a Pakistani student and computerprodigy who in 2004 at the age of nine years became the youngest Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP). She kept the title until 2008.
Benazir
Benazir Bhutto 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was aPakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996. She was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister of Pakistan and the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which she led.
Liaquat Ali Khan
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan لیاقت علی خان; 1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951), often simply referred as Liaquat, was one of the leading Founding Fathers of modern Pakistan, statesman, lawyer, andpolitical theorist who became and served as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, in addition, was also the first Defence minister he was the first Finance Minister of India, and minister of Commonwealth and Kashmir Affairs and from 1947 until his assassination in 1951.
CH.Rehmat Ali
Choudhry Rahmat Ali (Urdu: چودھری رحمت علی) (16 November 1895 – 12 February 1951) was a Pakistani Muslim nationalist who was one of the earliest proponents of the creation of the state of Pakistan.
He is credited with creating the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia and is generally known as the founder of the movement for its creation. He is best known as the author of a famous 1933 pamphlet titled "Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever", also known as the Pakistan Declaration. The pamphlet started with a famous statement:
"At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live inPAKSTAN – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir,Sind and Baluchistan."
Thursday, 26 December 2013
Fatima Jinnah
Ftima Jinaah is Mother of the nation
Fatima Jinnah : فاطمہ جناح; 30 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani public figure, dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman and one of the leading founders of Pakistan.
Tuesday, 24 December 2013
PAkistan
The territory of modern Pakistan was home to several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation. The territory has been the home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Hindus, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was independent in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semi-industrialised economy which is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms of nominal GDP.
Pakistan's post-independence history has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption. It is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven Economies, SAARC, ECO, D8 and the G20 developing nations.
Quid -e-Azam
Born in Karachi and trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, a party in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims should a united British India become independent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, advocated by the influential leader, Mohandas Gandhi.
By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to separate independence for a predominately Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan.
As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from the new nation of India to Pakistan after the partition, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, though he is less well thought of in India. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistan's greatest leader.
Alama IQbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال), was a philosopher, poet and politician[1] in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature,[2] with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.
Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by Pakistani, Indian, Iranian, and other international scholars of literature.[3][4] Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times". His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. In Iran and Afghanistan, he is famous as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (اقبال لاهوری) , and he is most appreciated for his Persian work. Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his various Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes over the years.
In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, giving him the title "Sir". While studying law and philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. Later, in one of his most famous speeches, Iqbal pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in Northwest India. This took place in his presidential speech in the League's December 1930 session.
In much of Southern Asia and Urdu speaking world, Iqbal is regarded as the Shair-e-Mashriq (شاعر مشرق, "Poet of the East"). He is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan (مفکر پاکستان, "The Thinker of Pakistan") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (حکیم الامت, "The Sage of the Ummah"). The Pakistan government officially named him a "national poet". His birthday Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl (یوم ولادت محمد اقبال) or (Iqbal Day) is a public holiday in Pakistan. In India he is also remembered as the author of the popular song Saare Jahaan Se Achcha.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
In 1842, Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II conferred upon Sir Syed the title of Javad-ud Daulah, conferred upon Sir Syed’s grandfather Syed Hadi by Emperor Shah Alam II around the middle of the 18th century. In addition, the Emperor added the title of Arif Jang. The conferment of these titles was symbolic of Sir Syed’s incorporation into the nobility of Delhi.
Born into Muslim nobility, Sir Syed earned a reputation as a distinguished scholar while working as a jurist for the British East India Company. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he remained loyal to the British and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.[4] After the rebellion, he penned the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Mutiny) – a daring critique, at the time, of British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Syed began promoting Western-style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organising Muslim entrepreneurs. Towards this goal, Sir Syed founded the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College (today Aligarh Muslim University) in 1875 with the aim of promoting social and economic development of Indian Muslims.
One of the most influential Muslim politicians of his time, Sir Syed was suspicious of the Indian independence movement and called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj. He denounced nationalist organisations such as the Indian National Congress, instead forming organisations to promote Muslim unity and pro-British attitudes and activities. Sir Syed promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims, and mentored a rising generation of Muslim politicians and entrepreneurs. Prior to the Hindi–Urdu controversy, he was interested in the education of Muslims and Hindus both and this was the period in which Sir Syed visualised India as a "beautiful bride, whose one eye was Hindu and, the other, Muslim". Due to this view, he was regarded as a reformer and nationalist leader.
There was a sudden change in Sir Syed's views after the Hindi–Urdu controversy. His education and reformist policies became Muslim-specific and he fought for the status of Urdu. Maulana Hali writes, in his book, Hayat-e-Javed, "One day as Sir Syed was discussing educational affairs of Muslims with Mr. Shakespeare, the then Commissioner of Banaras, Mr. Shakespeare looked surprised and asked him, 'This is the first time when I have heard you talking specifically about Muslims. Before this you used to talk about the welfare of the common Indians.'" Sir Syed then told him, "Now I am convinced that the two communities[Muslims and Hindus] will not put their hearts in any venture together. This is nothing [it is just the beginning], in the coming times an ever increasing hatred and animosity appears on the horizon simply because of those who are regarded as educated. Those who will be around will witness it." Sir Syed is hailed as the father of the Two Nation Theory and one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, along with Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[5]
| “ | Do not show the face of Islam to others; instead show your face as the follower of true Islam representing character, knowledge, tolerance and piety. | ” |
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